I. ISINGENISO
Inarha yeSewula Afrika ibunjwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneko ngokweemphande zendawo zobujamo bezulu ezivumela ukukhiqiza okwahlukahlukeneko kwezelimo. Nanyana kunjalo, inarha le ayinalo izulu elaneleko njengobana ifumana ukuna kwezulu ekufikela ku 500mm ngonyaka nakuqathaniswa nephasi mazombe elinisa izulu kufikela ku 800mm onyakeni. Ubujamo bezulu obohlukeneko yindalo, kodwana irhubhululo libonisa bonyana eminyakeni elikhulu egadungileko kube nokukhula ekutjhejisiseni imimoya yesibhakabhaka ngokutjheja izinto ezisetjenziswa babantu njengemitjhini esetjenziswa emafemini nokukatjwa kwemithi njl njl. Ekufunyenweko kilelirhubhululo lokwahlukana kobujamo bezulu ngeSewula yeAfrika kukhombisa bonyana umoya wamazinga wokutjhisa eSewula Afrika uzokukhula ngesibalo esifikela ku 1,5-4C kileminyaka elikhulu ezako.Lokhu kusabisa okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni ekudzimeleleko,kuthinta ihlalakuhle ebantwini,umnotho wephasi nobujamo bebhoduluko lokhu kutjho ubujamo obuphezulu bobujamo bezulu njenge somiso neenkhukhula ekungokhunye okungenzeka.
I-Sewula Afrika ihlukaniswe ngeemfunda ezintathu zokuna kwezulu: isifunda sezulu sebusika esisesewulatjhingalanga, kuyindawo lapho kuna izulu unyaka woke engesewula nelwandle begodu nendawo ekuna izulu ehlobo enarheni. Ukwehla kwezinga lokuna kwezulu ukusukela epumalamga kufikela eendaweni ezisetjonalanga kutjhejiwe. Ukuna kwezulu eSewula Afrika kuhlukahlukene khulu begodu kwenza inarha ibe nokukhiqiza okubekelweko.
ZeLimo zifaka hlangana nazozoke zomnotho kusukela ekuvezeni amazizo wokulima nokuba khona kwawo begodu kumkhakha oqakathekileko emnothweni weSewula Afrika nanyana unikela kancani emkhiqizweni wekhaya (GDP). Abasebenzi bemaplasini, abosomaplasa nemindeni yabo nabo bafaka isandla emnothweni nabasebenzisa imirholo yabo ekuthengeni ipahla ethengiswako, nofana nabafaka isadla ekukhiqizeni. Ngalendlela zelimo kuba mkhakha ofaka isadla ekukhuleni nekuthuthukeni. Imithelela yobujamo bezulu obuphezulu buzakuba nomthelela omumbi ekukhiqizeni kwezelimo ngokobana kube nemidzwela kunye nesomiso ekungezinye zeenhlekelele ezizakwenza kungabi lula kobana sivune godu kubange indlala emakhaya athembele ekulimeni.
Isomiso I-Sewula Afrika ekheyabanaso kusukela ngo 2002 kufikela namhlanje kukuyelelisa ngokuzako mayelana nemithelela yokuthjuguluka kobujamo bezulu eminyakeni ezako begodu kungabangela ukukhiqizwa okuncani kwezelimo. UMthetho wokuPhatha iHlekelele (Mthetho No. 57, 2002) uyatjho kobana kugandelelwe ekutheni kuvinjelwe begodu kuphungulwe iinhlekelele ngokuthi sisebenzise ilwazi ngobujabo bezulu.
I-ADRM itlama iinyeleliso zaqobe yinyanga ezinamano azakusetjenziswa mphakathi olimako kobana utjheje ubujamo bezulu bagadesi. Kubonakele kobana amano la kumele athuthukiswe begodu akhutjhwe ngawo woke amalimi asemthethweni kobana azwisiswe ngilabo abazawasebenzisa.
UKUKHIQIZWA KWEENTJALO
Ukukhetha Ihlabathi:
Khetha ihlobo lehlabathi elilungele isitjalo ozasitjala isib. ihlabathi yesanda nawutjala isiphila nehlabathi yomdaka nawutjala ikoroyi njl njl
Khetha amasimu angehleliko nafana akhuphukelako kobana ukwazi ukubulunga amanzi.
Ukulungiselela Ihlabathi:
Balekela, nakwenzeka, ihlabathi ekhombisa bonyana iqinile
Sebenzisa iplurhu ukwaphula ihlabathi eqinileko godu khulisa indawo yemirabhu kobana ukwazi ukubulunga amanzi nomanyoro
Ungandisi ihlabathi ngaphasi kwesitjalo esimilako kungafunakali
Yenza ihlabathi ibemadlakadlaka kobana ukwazi ukwehlisa izinga lamanzi eliginywa yihlabathi
Phungula ukugandeleleleka kwehlabathi ngokobana ungavumeli iingaragara zidlule esiminakho. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa imitjhini ekulungeleko lokho komunye nomunye umhlobo wehlabathi.
Ukukhetha isitjalo kunye nokutjala:
Tjala lapho kungatjhingi khulukhulu nawutjala isiphila njengobana nawutjala kutjhinge khulu kuzakuthatha isikathi eside kobana imbewu imile.
Yenza ithuguluko nawutjala iintjalo ezihlukeneko ngokobana uvange iintjalo kunobana utjale isitjalo sinye, isib. isiphila kunye neembontjisi esimini yinye. Lokhu kuzakusiza uSoplasa kobana azuze kwesinye isitjalo nangabe esinye asivuneki.
Ngasosoke isikhathi Sebenzisa isikhathi esisodwa sonyaka nawutjalako godu ufunde ngobujamo bezulu obuzako. Yenza amano wokutjala iintjalo zesikhathi esifitjhani sonyaka isib. usonoblomu.
Tjheja khulukhulu iintjalo ezihluma msinyana ngemveke ezimbalwa
Ngasosoke isikhathi ungatjali isitjalo sinye , zombeleza
Ukuphathwa kwentjalo:
Linganisa kuhle indawo yokutjala
Hlala uhlawula isimakho
Hlala utjheja indlela yokukhulisa iintjalo kuhle
Sebenzisa amano wokubekelela amanzi wezulu isib. Ukwakha imilambo, iimforo nendawo ezisantatjana.
Tjala kobana kumile:
Bangatjali kutjhinge khulu ngombana imbewu engaphasi khulu iyafa.
Isikhathi sokukhuliswa kwemirorho:
Isikhathi sokukhulisa ukukhiqiza kabutjha: Isikhathi esiqakathekileko sokufuneka kwamanzi.
Izinga lokuthoma neliqakathekileko lokukhiqiza kabutjha kuvela kwembewu naseyihluma. Amanzi aneleko ayafunakala ngalesosikhathi njengobana ukutlhogeka kwamanzi kungenza kungahlumi msinyana godu kuleya ukukhiqiza ngebanga lalokho imbewu iphelelwa mamandla.
Amalanga wokutjala kumele akhethwe kuhle ukwenzela isiqiniseko sokabana isikhathi sokutjala sitjhayisana nomujamo obufunekako.
Ubulwelwe bokugugumuka kwamablara. Ukubakhona kombhobho wesitjalo kodwana kunganalitho ngaphakathi nakho kuqakathekile nakukhiqizwa kabutjha.Ukutlhogeka kwamanzi kilesikhathi kungenza inthoro zingaphumi kuhle bekulahleke iintjalo ezinengi.
Ukonakala kwehlabathi kuza ngemva kwesikhathi sobulwelwe beentjalo godu kusikhathi esihle sokubhura. Ukubamanzi kwehlabathi kuqakathekile ingasi kangako. Kodwana ukuthlogeka kwamanzi kungaphungula ukukhiqiza nokuba neenthoro zekhwalithi.
Izinga lokuvuthwa kulizinga lamaswaphelo lokukhiqizwa kwesiphila.
Zombelele, ukulawula iingogonyana ezidla iintjalo ngokubambisana kumele kwenziwe ngesikhathi sokutjala sonyaka. Lokhu kufaka hlangana:
Ukuvimbela: lendlela iyasebenza, kodwana ingasi ebujameni obuphezulu bokungenwa bulwelwe ngombana ingakhe ingasebenza godu izakusebenzisa imali enengi.
Ukulawula ukulima: Lendlela ifaka hlangana ukulinywa kwehlabathi ebusika, ukususa iintjalo ezizimilelako, ukukhetha amathuluso wokulima nokufumana iinkathi ezihle zokutjala.
Ukulawula ngendlela yamaphilo: lokhu kwenzeka ngendlela yendabuko lapho iingogonyana zidla iintjalo. Ukudliwa kwentjalo ziingogonyana kungavikelwa ngokobana kusetjenziswe iimbulala-ngogonyana ekungizo ezikhambisana nebhoduluko begodu azisiyingozi ebantwini.
UKUKHANGISWA KWEMIRORHO
Ukukhiqizwa kwemirorho kubiza imali enengi ukwedlula ezinye iintjalo.Enye yeenzathu kungobana iimaraga zakhona zihlala zitjhuguluka begodu imikhiqizo yakhona iyathandwa, ukungatjhugulujki kokuthengiswa nekhwalithi ekhona eemarageni. Naselezingezelela, iintjalo zemirorho zifuna amanzi amanengi.Ukuza namano kuqakathekile kobana kufumaneke inzuzo emikhiqizweni yemirorho nanyana ubujamo besomiso bukhona nofana bungekho. Nangabe isomiso silindelwe, kuqakathekile kobana kube nobudlelwana nabathengi mayelana nentengo ephasi. Kuphungulwe isivuno, ukupaka neendleko zokukhangisa nakukghonakala. Umonakalo owenziwe nakukhiqizwa enye ipahla ungaba lisizo kwezinye iinkampani ezikhiqiza imirorho.Ukukhetha lokhu kunemikhawulo, kodwana kungenzeka kuthengiswe. Thintana nabathengisi kobana basetjhisise mayelana namalungiselelo la.
UKUPHATHWA KWEFUYO
Zifundise ngokusengwa kwefuyo begodu utjheje nokumunyisa bewutjheje nokwanda kwefuyo (Ifuyo/Inani layo) ngendlela yakhona.
Fumana kuhle inani leenkomo ezisengwako ezingaqalelelwa begodu tjheja lokhu njengefuyo ezalako. Lezi ziinkomo ezisengwako ezikhethwe bonyana zenze inzuzo kuqalwe nangendlela ebezisetjenziswa ngayo esikhathini esigadungileko, ngokobana usize ngendlela ongakhgona ngayo isib. (Imibiko, ukuhlaziya umsebenzi wazo).
Bulunga ifuyo esikazi nalezo ezimofu kunye nefuyo engasazaliko
Thengisa ifuyo eseleko nasele iyinengi kunye naleyo engasakhiqiziko nangabe awusenakudla kwefuyo okwaneleko.
Ungasebenzisa iintjalo eziseleko nofana iintjalo ezonakaliswe sisomiso ufunze ifuyo.Kilelihlangothi yenza isiqiniseko sokobana ukudla lokho okuseleko akunatjhefu njengobana lokhu kungalimaza ifuyo yakho.
Tjheja kuhle indlela yokudlhogomela ifuyo kufaka hlangana ukufunza lezo ezifunda ukukhamba nofana amakonyana asele athoma ukukhamba, godu khulisa ifuyo encani ngokuzimisela.
Ngesikhathi sobujamo obumbi, thatha ifuyo uyise ekampeni uyiphe ukudla
Sebenzisa imikhiqizo etholakala ehlathini (isib.iinthelo zemangweni) begodu uqunte imithi ngaphasi ifuyo ikwazi ukudla (isib.qunta kufikela ngaphasi kuka 1.5m wesigaba nawupha iimbuzi) begodu yipha ifuyo ukudla ngeenkampeni.
Ngasosoke isikhathi thlogomela amalwelwe weenlwana kunye nemikhaza
Yipha ukudla ifuyo esidisi nalezo ezimunyisako
Hlehlisa isikhathi sokuba sidisi kwefuyo ngesikhathi sobujamo besomiso
Kokuthoma sebenzisa amadlelo lapho ukudla kwefuyo kukuhle khona.
Khulisa indawo ezinamanzi ngasosoke isikhathi emadlelweni ukuvimbela Ukudliwa kwamadlelo khulu hlanukwe kwendawo ezinamanzi.
Susa iintjalo ezizimilelako ezingabulala iintjalo zakho
AMANO WOKUPHA IFUYO UKUDLA NGESIKHATHI SESOMISO
Ngesikhathi sesomiso kumele uze namaqhinga wokunakelela ifuyo yakho.
Fumana inani lamandla wemvelo elifunekako mayelana namadlelo nofana inani lokudla okubekiweko kulapho ungathoma ukufuna ezinye iindlela zokukupha ifuyo ukudla.
Eminye imikhiqizo yekoroyi, yamasitrasi, amantongomani kungasetjenziswa njengokudla kunye noburotho namabele. Buza ku-Extension office mayelana nemininingwana yemikhiqizo engasetjhenziswa njengokudla khumbula ukubala imali engasetjenziswa/ufunisise ngaphambi kobana uthenge ukwenzela isiqiniseko sokobana ubhadela intengo ebanakalako yokudla okufuneka msinyana.
Nangabe izulu liyana, zombelezisa iinkomo emadlelweni ngendlela ongakhgona ngayo zikwazi ukudla utjani obukhona.
Ukulahlwa kwenyama yeensiba nofana iinsiba kungenye yeendlela zomnotho begodu kumaprotheni, amaminerali kunye ne-eneji eyenzelwe iinkomo zenyama. Iintanga nokulahlwa kweenyama yeensiba(40-45% kuvangene) kungalekelela amadlelo weenkomo nge 20-40%
Nakwenzeka qatjha amadlelo angeziweko godu phungula ifuyo enengi emadlelwenakho.
UKUKHANGISWA KWEFUYO
Isikhathi sokuthengisa ifuyo nobujamo befuyo ethengiswako kuqakathekile. Ilwazi lemaraga yakade likhona ukusiza ekutjhejeni ukutjhuguluka kwentengo ngesikhathi sesomiso nangesikhathi sokuphela kwaso. Indlela yokuphungula ifuyo ngesikhathi sesomiso kusiphakamiso esikarisako.
Ukuthengisa ifuyo
Nangabe ifuyo ithengiswa kusesenesikhathi ngaphambi kokufika kwesomiso. Intengo yakhona incono ngombana ifuyo isesebujameni obuncono kunye nemaraga godu, iindleko zokumunyisa azikho kangako.
Nangabe isomiso sithatha isikhathi esincani nefuyo embalwa seyithengisiwe, ifuyo eseleko izakuzala ngebanga lokobana uphungulwe ifuyo yakho. Akuzakuba nesidingo sokuthenga ifuyo godu.
Ngebanga lesomiso esikhulu nenani lefuyo ethengisiweko, okuqakathekileko kukobana ubuye uthenge ifuyo ngenani elilingeneko nangabe ubujamo buyathuthuka.
Intengo yefuyo emva kwesomiso ayikhuphuki kangako ngebanga lokobana iimali ezisekho.
Ukuthengiswa kwefuyo kungakafiki isomiso kwenza kobana uthengise ipahla msinyana kobana ukwazi ukubulunga inzuzo mayelana nobujamo beplasi nofana fumana inzuzo, ezakusiza kobana ibubulo lakho lidose isikhathi eside.
Njengobana isomiso siragela phambili, thengisa ifuyo usale naleyo esakhulako, esebujameni obuhle, ezisikazi ezisengwako, ekungilezo ozibona ziqakathekile nakufika isikhathi sesomiso godu ozibona bonyana zikhgona ukukhiqiza.
Phakula eziduna ngesikhathi sesomiso ubalekele ukuphindaphindwa kwefuyo.
UKULAWULWA KOKUSETJENZISWA KWAMANZI
Bulunga manzi akhona
Susa umonyana emanzini
Sebenzisa amanzi kuhle
Lungisa amaphayiphi avuzako kobana ubalekele ukulahlekelwa mamanzi
Ezinye iindlela zokufumana amanzi azisetjenziswe kilesisikhathi isib.bekelela amanzi wezulu.
Ukuthelelela emaplasini
Thelelela ngesikhathi kumakhazana ukwazi ukwehlisa izinga lamanzi eliginywa yihlabathi, khulukhulu ntambama
Susa umonyana oneentanga ubulunge lowo onganantanga ehlabathini ukwehlisa izinga lamanzi eliginywa yihlabathi
Fumana imbewu ezakutjalwa uthjeje ubujamo bezulu obuzako
Hlola bewulungise woke amathuluso nemitjhini yokuthelelela
Tjheja ububanzi bamadamu begodu yelela imithetho yokubulunga amanzi ngasosoke isikhathi
Amanzi aselwa yifuyo
Sebenzisa amanzi kuhle nangabe yoke imithombo yamanzi seyomile, bika msinyana eMnyangweni wangekhenu wezaManzi namaHlathi
UKULAWULWA KWAMAHLATHI
Hlunga indawo yomadlelo (isib. ukuhlunga ukuba khona kwesomiso: kokubili ubujamo nomkhuphuka nofana umehlela wenarha okumadlelo) begodu bulunga ifuyo. Ukurhurhuleka kwehlabathi kungathinteka kumbi ngonobangela wokudliwa khulu kwamadlelo ngesikhathi sesomiso, ngalokho ukwembeseka kwehlabathi akube ngokutjhejwako kubalekelwe ukurhurhuleka kwehlabathi.
Fumana/tjheja indawo engaba madlelo ngokobana ukhethe indawo oyibona kobana isebujameni obuhle, isibonelo, ukukhiqiza kwezimvu kuphikisana neenkomo, kuzakuya ngehlobo lehlathi kunye nokuna kwezulu.
Yenza isiqiniseko sokobana amadlelwakho ahlukaniswe ngeenkampa godu thatha iinlwana uzise kizo zoke iinkampa (isib. ungazidlisi emadlelweni awodwa, zombeleza) ngasosoke isikhathi tjheja iinlwana ezidla emadlelweni, zidlise isiquntu samadlelo godu nesiquntu samablara kobana ubalekele ukudliwa kwamadlelo khulu.
Ngasosoke isikhathi vimbela ukudliwa kwamadlelo khulu njengobana kulimaza ihlathi. Lokhu kwenziwa kukuba nefuyo enengi.
Sungula ihlelo leentjalo ezinganangozi nemithi, kungaqintwa bekuphulaphulwe kwenziwe ukudla ngesikhathi esimbi sesomiso.
Lawula umonyana njengobana uphalisana neentjalo ezidliwako ehlabathini emanzi kunye nendaweni yemirabhu
Iimforo ezivimbela ukubhebhetheka komlilo ngasososoke isikhathi kumele zihlolwe kobana zikwazi ukuvikela umonakalo womlilo ongafunekiko khulukhulu ngesikhathi sokutjhiswa kwamahlathi.Labo abatjhisa amahlathi ngonobangela webhoduluko bayabawa kobana batjheje uMthetho weNarha weMililo yamaHlathi Mthetho. 101 ka 1998 otjhoko kobana uMniniplasi ukatelelekile kobana alungise bekathlogomele iimforo ezivimba ukubhebhetheka komlilo begodu aqiniseke, mayelana nobujamo bezulu, amazinga wokutjhisa, ibhoduluko kunye nemirorho ekhona kileyondawo,Lokhu kumele kutjhejwe nakwenjwa iimforo ezivimbela ukubhebhetheka komlilo.(Isahluko 4 semiMango neMililo yamaHlathi Mthetho Nomboro 101 ka 1998):
Kumele kube banzi ngokwaneleko godu kube kude ngokwaneleko kobana kube nethuba lokuvimbela umlilo wehlathi ongabhebhetheka nofana obuya ngakwenye inarha.
Ayibangi ukurhurhuleka kwehlabathi godu
Akusetjhenziswe iinsetjenziswa ezingabangi ukulumatha komlilo.
UMthetho wokuPhathwa kweHlekelele Mthetho 57 Ka 2002, ubawa iimFunda, abantu kunye naboSomaplasa, kobana bakatelele bebavikele nofana baphungule iingozi zeenhlekelele ngokobana basebenzise ilwazi elibonakala msinyana.
Ikoro yobuNgozi bokuLima kunye nokuPhathwa kweHlekelele ithanda ukuthokoza lezi Nnkoro ezilandelako: Ikoro yokuKhiqizwa kweNtjalo, yeeNlwana kunye neyokuKhiqizwa kweeNlwana zeManzini, yokoSetjenziswa kwaManzi nokuThuthukiswa kokuThelelela, yaMaphilo weeNlwana, aMaphilo weeNtjalo begodu kunye noMkhandlu wezeRhubhululo kweZelimo godu nekoro yoBujamo beZulu eSewula Afrika ekufakeni kwabo isandla nakutlanywa lencwajana.
